10 Reasons We Are in a Credit Crisis

 

The 'Helicopter Economics Investing Guide' is meant to help educate people on how to make profitable investing choices in the current economic environment. We have coined this term to describe the current monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. government, which involve unprecedented money printing. This is the official blog of the New York Investing meetup.

Yesterday's news was about a potential Greek default and it caused a global market selloff. Today,  hopes of preventing a Greek default are causing markets to rally. This alternating news flow is repeating over and over again. Investors should pay attention to the big picture however and not the noise of the day. The important thing to realize is that we are in a second global credit crisis.

Credit crises follow certain patterns, which include: recognition of overpriced financial assets, money flowing into safe havens, increased market volatility, rising costs for financial insurance, and various forms of government action to stop the problem. The specifics of the current credit crisis are below.

1. Government debt is being downgraded. This happened in Italy yesterday, the U.S. in early August and many times in Greece. This is the upfront recognition of the problem, which is almost always widespread public knowledge by the time it happens. In 2008, securitized debt containing subprime real estate loans was downgraded in mass, frequently from the triple A ratings that had previously been given.

2. Global money is flowing into safe haven U.S. treasuries. When yields hit lower levels than a previous credit crisis or all-time lows, this indicates this is happening on a mass scale. U.S. government two-year notes had a yield below 0.15% at one point this September 19th. During 2008, the two-year held above 0.60%. The ten-year yield has fallen below the 2.04% low in 2008 and below the all-time low of 1.95% in 1941.

3. Global money is flowing into safe haven currencies. In 2008, this was the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen. In 2010, this is the Japanese yen, the Swiss franc, and gold (which needs to be thought of as a currency if it is to be analyzed correctly). The Swiss franc rallied so much that the Swiss stopped it from trading freely. The Japanese have also taken action to try to lower the value of the yen.

4. Stock market volatility has increased enormously. In 2008, there were a significant number of mini-crashes (a drop of 5% or more in one day). These were more common in the U.S. back then. Now they are more common in Germany, but they have been happening here as well. The flip side of mini-crashes is sudden sharp moves up in the market. These are also occurring.

5. Bank stocks are the focus of the big moves up and down in the stock market. U.S. banks and other financial stocks really got hit in 2008 -- a number of the companies themselves went under. This time it's European banks falling the hardest. One-day drops for some major EU and UK banks have been as high as 10%. Bank stocks aren't dropping that much in the U.S., but they are underperforming other sectors like technology.

6. Credit default swaps have hit record levels. Credit default swaps (CDSs) are bond insurance and they became a big news item in 2008 when they rose to unprecedented levels. While CDS rates for Greek sovereign debt have hit records and are rising for the other highly indebted EU countries, they have also hit records for some UK and EU banks in 2011 indicating a worse crisis than in 2008.

7. Major and ongoing bailouts are taking place. The EU had to bail out Greece in the spring of 2010 and then Ireland and Portugal. A second bailout for Greece had to be arranged this July, even though the first bailout was supposed to have taken care of Greece's debt problem. In 2008, the U.S. had TARP and arranged for failing banks to be taken over by stronger banks  (Bank America is now in trouble again because of the legacy loans from the banks it absorbed during this period). Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had to be nationalized. 

8. Central banks are buying bonds in the open market. The EU has been buying up Italian, Spanish, Irish and Portuguese bonds in order to hold down interest rates in those countries. As long as it has an infinite access to funds, this strategy will work. The Fed began buying U.S. debt instruments in the fall of 2008 during the Credit Crisis. 

9. Global coordinated central bank intervention took place last week. The need for global action is a consequence of the interconnectedness of the world financial system. A major problem in one region (in 2011 this is Europe, in 2008 it was the U.S.) will invariably spread everywhere. Central banks coordinate their activity to try to control the contagion. 

10. The global economy is turning down.  Problems in the financial system impact the real economy and they can turn a shallow downturn into a major one as has happened in 2008. Economic figures throughout the world have flattened and there are some warnings of a bigger drop to come (extremely low consumer confidence numbers for instance). GDP contraction in a number of regions will be the final confirmation that another global credit crisis has occurred. 

Disclosure: None

Daryl Montgomery
Author: "Inflation Investing - A Guide for the 2010s"
Organizer, New York Investing meetup
http://investing.meetup.com/21

This posting is editorial opinion. There is no intention to endorse the purchase or sale of any security.

Global Markets Slip on Greece

 

The 'Helicopter Economics Investing Guide' is meant to help educate people on how to make profitable investing choices in the current economic environment. We have coined this term to describe the current monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. government, which involve unprecedented money printing. This is the official blog of the New York Investing meetup.

Stocks in Asia, Europe and North America are falling as contagion from the Greek debt crisis continues to impact markets worldwide. Until there is some resolution, investors should expect this to continue along with intermittent sharp moves up due to central bank liquidity injections.  

Trouble began in Asia last night with the Hang Seng in Hong Kong falling 537 points or 2.8%. It closed at 18,918, well below the critical 20,000 support level. The Indian Sensex was down 188 points or 1.1% to 16,745. It has been leading Asian markets down and is trading on top of a very large gap made in May 2009. The Nikkei in Japan managed to buck the trend and close up 195 points to 8864 or 2.3%. It has been mostly trading below key support at 10,000 since March when the Tohoku earthquake struck. All three markets are in a technically bearish trading pattern.

No part of the globe can escape what is happening in Europe. EU finance ministers said Friday they would delay authorizing a new installment of emergency funds for Greece until October. Greece is still on its first €110 billion bailout, but the final payments have yet to be made. A second bailout has yet to be fully approved, although the terms have been set.  Greece's fiscal situation continues to deteriorate rapidly despite all the funding it has received from the EU and the IMF.  The bailout money is life support for Greece. If the plug is pulled, the patient defaults.

German stocks have been hit the hardest by the Greek crisis and have fallen well into bear market territory. After rallying from a severely oversold level last week, the DAX was down 157 points or 2.8% on Monday. The French CAC-40 was down 91 points or 3.0%. The British FTSE was down 108 points or 2.0%. UK stocks have been less affected by events in Greece (the UK is not part of the eurozone). As is the case in Asia, all major European markets are in a technically bearish trading pattern.

U.S. stocks have actually held up somewhat better than most other markets. The S&P 500 and small cap Russell 200 have the same negative technical picture found elsewhere, but the Dow Industrials and Nasdaq have so far held just above it. In early afternoon trade, the Dow was down 205 points or 1.8%, the S&P 500 21 points or 1.7%, the Nasdaq 30 points or 1.2%, and the Russell 2000 14 points or 2.0%. A report released in the morning indicated that U.S. investors have pulled more money out of equity funds since April than they did during the five months after Lehman Brothers collapsed. The real history making news however was in the bond market, where the two-year treasury hit an all-time low yield of 0.1491% -- a sign of a global credit crisis if ever there was one.

Investors should expect more market drama from the unfolding Greek tragedy in the coming weeks and months. Unless Germany and France are willing to commit to unlimited bailouts, Greece will eventually default.  Only then will we know how this affects Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy and the euro itself.  Stocks are vulnerable to more volatility and downside until this occurs.  

Disclosure: None

Daryl Montgomery
Author: "Inflation Investing - A Guide for the 2010s"
Organizer, New York Investing meetup
http://investing.meetup.com/21

This posting is editorial opinion. There is no intention to endorse the purchase or sale of any security.

Interest Rate Spread Widens as Greece Heads Toward Default

 

The 'Helicopter Economics Investing Guide' is meant to help educate people on how to make profitable investing choices in the current economic environment. We have coined this term to describe the current monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. government, which involve unprecedented money printing. This is the official blog of the New York Investing meetup.

Global interest rates continue to diverge, with rates rising in the troubled eurozone countries and falling to new lows in Germany and the United States.  The same sort of divergence took place during the 2008 Credit Crisis with yields on safe-haven governments falling markedly, while yields on low-grade corporates soared.

Nowhere in the world is the current interest-rate spread more extreme than in the Eurozone (the epicenter of the current credit crisis). Greece is leading the pack with ever-rising yields on its government paper, while German rates keep falling. In Tuesday morning trade, two-year Greek government yields reached a high of 74.88% and ten-year yields a high of 25.01%. Yields on German 10-year bunds were moving in the opposite direction falling as low as 1.679%, even lower than Monday's record-low rate of 1.877% on 10-year U.S. treasuries.

Italy had an auction of 5-year bonds this morning and had to pay a 5.6% yield to get them out the door
compared to 4.9% in July.  Interest rates on the Italian 10-year were at 5.75%. They were over 6% before the ECB started buying Irish, Portuguese, Spanish and Italian bonds on August 8th to force down surging rates as contagion from Greece spread to other parts of the Eurozone. Before that, yields in Ireland had reached approximately 14%, they were over 13% in Portugal, and in Spain they were at similar levels to Italy. Intervention can only maintain below free market rates for so long however. Eventually, the ECB will run out of funds.

The trajectory of Greece's decline toward insolvency is instructive for the future of Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy in the near future and for other highly indebted countries such as Japan, the United States and the UK later in the decade. In early 2010, Greek 10-year rates spiked above 12%, but were then driven below 8% with the first bailout. Greece had a debt to GDP ratio around 120%. Severe budget cutting was implemented to hold the debt down. This caused the economy to contract sharply, which lowered tax revenues. Despite the first and now a second bailout a self-feeding spiral of ever-increasing interest rates began. Higher interest rates and a weakened economy have caused the debt to GDP ratio to reach the 140% level (according to official numbers, estimates are as high as 160%). Rates on credit default swaps now indicate a 98% chance of default.

What the immediate effects of a Greek default will be remain to be seen. There will certainly be damage to the Eurozone banking system, which is still in a weakened state from bad loans accumulated before the 2008 Credit Crisis. At some point, the euro will have to be restructured or
it will be weakened considerably. Economic damage will not be limited to Europe, but will affect other regions of the globe just as was the case in 2008.

Disclosure: None

Daryl Montgomery
Author: "Inflation Investing - A Guide for the 2010s"
Organizer, New York Investing meetup
http://investing.meetup.com/21

This posting is editorial opinion. There is no intention to endorse the purchase or sale of any security.

Should Stocks be Rallying on Hopes of QE3?

The 'Helicopter Economics Investing Guide' is meant to help educate people on how to make profitable investing choices in the current economic environment. We have coined this term to describe the current monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. government, which involve unprecedented money printing. This is the official blog of the New York Investing meetup.  


Stocks have rallied significantly since August 10th on the hopes that the Federal Reserve will engage in a third round of quantitative easing (QE) -- a form of money printing. While QE1 and QE2 were successful in juicing stock prices, this is not what the Fed is supposed to be doing.

The Fed's current mandate was established by the U.S. Congress in 1977 in the Federal Reserve Reform Act. This legislation requires the Fed to establish a monetary policy that "promotes maximum employment, stable prices and moderate long-term interest rates". Manipulating stock prices is not supposed to be on the Fed's agenda. Quantitative Easing was unknown in 1977 and was therefore not specifically addressed by Congress.

If anything,the Fed has significantly overshot in its goal to keep long-term rates moderate. The Fed Funds rate has been kept at around zero percent since December 2008. The Fed has stated it will maintain this rate until 2013. The interest rate on the 10-year treasury fell below 2.00% at one point this August -- a record low. Two-year rates fell below 0.20%, also record lows and well below the bottom rate during the Credit Crisis. Low interest rates indicate an economy in recession and not deflation as is commonly claimed in the mainstream press. Maintaining interest rates at a low level for too long is inflationary however.

The Fed announced its first quantitative easing program in November 2008 (according to an analysis of its balance sheet, it was begun somewhat earlier). The second round ended this June. How has the employment situation changed during the two rounds of QE?  When QE1 started in November 2008, the official U.S. unemployment rate was 6.8%. When it ended in June 2011, it was 9.2%. The high was 10.1% in October 2009. The post-World War II average has been 5.7% and unemployment has fallen to the 3% range when the economy is strong. With respect to employment, quantitative easing seems to have been a failure.

So what about price stability, the Fed's other mandate? While the inflationary effects of quantitative easing are most evident in commodity prices, the typical American consumer has seen them in gasoline, food and clothing prices. The average price of gasoline was as low as $1.60 a gallon when the Fed started QE1 and it almost reached $4.00 a gallon during QE2. A number of commodities, including cotton and copper, hit all-time record-high prices during QE2. Gold, the ultimate measure of inflation,rose to one new price high after another. Silver went from under $10 an ounce to over $48 an ounce. Quantitative easing obviously hasn't led to price stability. In fact, it has resulted in much higher prices and is therefore counterproductive to the Fed's goal of limiting inflation.

There is no question that quantitative easing has helped the stock market and resulted in higher stock prices. This is not exactly a secret however and all Wall Street traders are well aware of it. They will therefore push stock prices higher if they think more quantitative easing is on the way and much of any rally that results will occur before it even takes place. Quantitative easing is also no panacea for stock prices. It doesn't insulate the market from external shocks. While it doesn't make crashes more likely, it will make them worse when they occur. A default on Greek, Spanish or Italian debt and any number of other crises will have greater impact than they would have ordinarily because the market has been pumped up to artificially high levels. The market has also become dependent on quantitative easing and has not been able to rally since late 2008 without it. Almost as soon as it stops, the market drops and those drops will become more serious after each succeeding round.

Disclosure: None

Daryl Montgomery
Author: "Inflation Investing - A Guide for the 2010s"
Organizer, New York Investing meetup
http://investing.meetup.com/21

This posting is editorial opinion. There is no intention to endorse the purchase or sale of any security.